Category Materials Colloquium

The 7th edition of the Materials Colloquium 2024 will take place next Tuesday November 5th, at 4.30 PM in HCI G3.

It is a common belief that damage caused by freezing is due to water’s expansion as it freezes. However, in most soft materials, this expansion actually plays a rather insignificant role. Instead, freezing damage is typically caused by the (far less well-known) process of ‘cryosuction’, where ice crystals grow by sucking nearby water towards them. This suction can lead to huge amounts of ice expansion inside soft, wet materials. We study freezing damage with an experimental system that allows us to directly image individual ice crystals growing inside soft, wet materials. The results reveal a range of insights — for example, we find that the freezing damage is surprisingly similar to the damage that arises during the drying of wet materials. Furthermore, unexpected factors, such as the polycrystallinity of ice, can play an important role in the freezing process.

Marianne Liebi (Laboratory for X-ray Characterization of Materials, EPFL)

Imaging with X-ray scattering contrast for the characterization of hierarchical material structure

Microscopy in scanning mode allows to image different contrasts from the sample, by probing not only absorption and phase contrast of the sample but for example a full X-ray fluorescence spectrum or a 2D scattering pattern. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) imaging is in particular valuable for heterogeneous samples, in which structural elements in the nano- or Ångström-scale change over macroscopic length scales, thus several millimeters or centimeters. The scattering patterns provide statistical information in each scan point, making this method complementary to high-resolution imaging techniques. The information extracted from each scattering pattern can be used to create images with different contrast, such as density of nano-scale features or orientation of nanostructures. These methods can also be combined with computed tomography to study the inside of three-dimensional samples in tensor or texture tomography. A range of applications will be shown from biological tissues to various soft-matter systems.

In-person in HCI J4:

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Elastic Microphase Separation Produces Bi-continuous Materials

Carla Fernández-Rico (Laboratory for Complex Materials — D-MATL)

Phase separation is a fascinating physical process that is not only responsible for the internal organization of living cells but also a promising tool for structuring soft materials. The central challenge in making meso-structured materials via phase separation is the lack of structural control at length scales beyond the macromolecular scale. In this talk, I will introduce Elastic MicroPhase Separation (EMPS) as a route to create bi-continuous structures in the scale of hundreds of nanometers inside elastomeric networks. I will present the analysis of the microstructure, phase equilibria, and kinetics of the system, and show how it features aspects of both nucleation and growth and spinodal decomposition. Finally, I will demonstrate the potential our approach by toughening polymeric materials, and making bi-continuous structures with controlled structural and anisotropic gradients. 

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Unravelling Plasmonic Photoelectrochemistry at Macro- and Micro-scales

Giulia Tagliabue (Laboratory of Nanoscience for Energy Technologies, EPFL)

In the last decade, plasmonic and dielectric nanoantennas have revolutionized light manipulation and control at the nanoscale. Interestingly, hot carriers and photoluminescence in metals have opened new pathways for controlling photo(electro)chemical processes and monitoring temperatures. Yet, fundamental questions remain about the microscopic details of these complex light-matter interactions. We have recently developed a well-controlled experimental platform based on ultrathin monocrystalline gold flakes and scanning electrochemical microscopy that, in combination with theory, enables deeper insight into light absorption and emission processes as well as photochemical transformations. In particular, I will present micro-scale photoelectrochemical measurements clarifying the interplay of hot carrier generation/transport and quantifying the injection probability of high-energy d-band holes at the metal-electrolyte interface, connecting it to the ultrafast dynamics of these carriers in monocrystalline metals. Overall, this microscopic insight is critical to advance the design of plasmonic-based energy devices. I will also show complementary results unraveling the origin of luminescence in gold and how crystallinity improves hot carrier dynamics and transport.

In-person in HCI G4:

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Machine Learning for the Inverse Design of (Meta-)Materials

Dennis M. Kochmann (Mechanics and Materials Lab – D-MAVT)

Multiscale material modeling has two primary goals: (i) understanding and predicant a material’s properties based on its small-scale architecture, and (ii) identifying those small-scale structural features that enable us to control and optimize a material’s properties and performance. Owing to the rise of additive manufacturing, metamaterials (or architected materials) have emerged as a special class of artificial materials with interesting or tunable properties, and as a new playground for computational modeling. While the forward problem (i) has produced many successful modeling techniques across scales, the inverse problem (ii) has remained a challenge: how do we design (meta-)materials with target properties? At the core of this challenge are the abundant design and property spaces, as well as the fact that the map from structure to properties cannot be inverted. Here, we will discuss how in recent years machine learning has offered new opportunities for the inverse design of (meta-)materials through generative models that predict metamaterial architectures with extreme, peculiar, or as-designed mechanical properties

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Harnessing Size Effects: Where Nanostructures Meet Additive Manufacturing

Rebecca Gallivan (Laboratory for Nanometallurgy – D-MATL)

Nanostructured materials promise to unlock new functionality that can address modern challenges in electronics, health, and infrastructure. However, to fully hardness the power of size-based effects, we need to develop new methods for designing microstructurally complex and heterogeneous nanostructures. Furthermore, deep fundamental understanding of designed nanoscale materials is critical for bringing these tools to the materials engineers of tomorrow. Using novel nanoscale additive manufacturing and nanomechanical techniques, we will explore new pathways for nanoscale materials design and investigate the emergingmaterials behaviors that arise at the intersection of geometric and microstructural size-effects. Insights will focus on beginning to untangle the intricate roles of processing and microstructure in advancing nanoscale materials performance.

In-person in HCI G3:

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Soft magnetic carpets for transport of solids, liquids and droplets

Ahmet F. Demirörs (Complex Materials — D-MATL)

One of the major interests of modern robotics is micromanipulation by active and adaptive materials. An example to such micromanipulation is observed in respiratory system, where pathogen clearance actuation enabled by means of motile cilia. While various types of artificial cilia have been engineered recently, they often involve complex manufacturing protocols and focus on transporting liquids only. Here, we create soft magnetic carpets via an easy self-assembly route based on the Rosensweig instability. These carpets can transport liquids but also solid objects that are larger and heavier than the artificial cilia, using a crowd-surfing effect. This amphibious transportation is locally and reconfigurably tuneable by simple micromagnets or advanced programmable magnetic fields with a high degree of spatial resolution.

While our active carpets are generally applicable to integrated control systems for transport, mixing, and sorting, these effects could also be exploited for microfluidic viscosimetry and elastometry. Finally, I also show briefly how we extended this system to a droplet manipulation platform by simply infusing the soft carpets with a liquid repellent oil.

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How electrons get heavy and die

Hans Kroha (University of Bonn)

Usually we think of a metal as a liquid of electrons, particles familiar as individual entities from elementary particle physics. However, in certain materials, magnetic interactions can lead to an increase of the effective mass of the charge carriers by factors of 100s or 1000. Even more striking, near a magnetic phase transition in such, so-called heavy-fermion compounds, the very concept of a particle can break down and give way to an exotic quantum fluid without quantized charge carriers with corresponding, unusual properties. In this talk we give a brief review of this physics and the resulting properties. We then show how this breakdown dynamics is monitored and analyzed by time-resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy developed and performed at the Materials Department of the ETH.

 

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In-person in HCI J 4 or on Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/69001008210

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Birth of solids studied by liquid-phase electron microscopy

Rolf Erni (Electron Microscopy Center — EMPA)

There are thermodynamic reasons why solids are solid and why they can be crystalline. How this happens, however, is less evident. Classical nucleation theory extrapolates thermodynamic properties of bulk materials to systems that merely consist of dozens of atoms or even less. We are interested in studying how solids become solid and how they adopt crystallinity. We try to mimic the formation of nanocrystals in small systems that we can observe by electron microscopy and aim at monitoring the atomic mechanisms that lead to the formation of crystalline matter. We study Pt and Au atoms in the vacuum environment of the microscope and activate them by temperature and the electron beam to form clusters. Approaching more realistic systems, we use small nanoreactors made either of nanodroplets of vacuum-compatible ionic liquids or graphene-based liquid cells to study the formation of nanocrystals in liquids. Although the inevitable electron beam might complicate the data interpretation, all our observations reveal that realistic nucleation reactions are more complex than what the classical nucleation theory predicts, and this enhanced complexity is further reflected in the variety of pathways nanocrystals follow in their growth process.

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Frustrated frustules: Geometrical frustration in the diatom cell wall

Maria Feofilova (Soft and Living Materials — D-MATL)

Diatoms are single-celled organisms with a cell wall made of silica, called the frustule. Their elaborate patterns have fascinated scientists for years, however little is known about the biological and physical mechanisms involved in their organizations.

In this work, we take a top-down approach and examine the micron- scale organization of diatoms from the Coscinodiscus family. We find two competing tendencies of organization, which appear to be controlled by distinct biological pathways. On one hand, micron-scale pores organize locally on a triangular lattice. On the other, lattice vectors tend to point globally toward a center of symmetry. This com- petition results in a frustrated triangular lattice, populated with geo- metrically necessary defects whose density increases near the center.

 

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In-person in HCI J 4 or on Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/66595365893

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Accelerating the search for functional materials using machine learning methods

Aria Mansouri (Materials Theory — D-MATL)

I will show several examples of the application of machine learning in materials design.
First, I discuss how screening crystal structure databases using machine learning models constructed based on compositional and structural features led to the development of two superhard materials. Further, to screen for compounds beyond the existing databases, we used an ensemble learning method to directly predict the load-dependent Vickers hardness, using the composition as input. Such a composition-based model is useful to rapidly screen through composition spaces to focus the search space; however, neglecting the influence of crystal structure limits its application. One such example is ferroelectricity. Therefore crystal structure prediction is essential to finding new ferroelectric materials.
A ferroelectric candidate possesses a polar crystal structure, is insulating and thermodynamically favorable. To search for candidates that fulfill these requirements, we developed a framework that consists of a series of machine learning models in conjunction with high-throughput DFT calculations and group theoretical analyses capable of predicting the crystal structure of any given composition. Finally, we developed a machine learning model based on distortion modes to predict new meta-stable crystal structures of BiFeO3.

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Soft magnetic Fe-based bulk glassy alloys: a comprehensive case study

Mihai Stoica (Metal Physics and Technology — D-MATL)

The Fe-based metallic glasses (MGs) are very promising for applications. Although they are metallic alloys consisting of common chemical elements, the amorphous structure that characterizes the MGs can be obtained only upon quenching the master alloy from the molten state. The resulted samples are usually in form of ribbons, having thicknesses up to few tens of micrometers.

They are soft magnetic materials, showing extremely low coercivity and high permeability, combined with a relatively high saturation magnetization. Therefore, they possess low magnetic losses, making them attractive for electrical transformers, sensors and actuators. Moreover, the soft magnetic properties may be further enhanced upon nanocrystallization. Also, they can be tailored by a proper control of the resulting nanostructure. This particular structure can be achieved only upon annealing the amorphous precursor. A major drawback is that by nanocrystallization the MGs become mechanically brittle and difficult to manipulate. Therefore, a bulk glassy alloy would be more feasible for applications as small parts in e.g. magnetic clutches or actuators.

In the last several years we investigated the possibility to create such bulk nanocrystalline alloys, with customizable structures and magnetic properties. Although the magnetic behavior is understood, the mechanism of the nanocrystallization could not have been resolved without employing state-of-the-art investigation methods, as time-resolved X-ray diffraction in transmission configuration using synchrotron radiation, in-situ and ex-situ transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The current presentation will guide the listener through these studies and will shed light on the nanocrystallization mechanism.

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In-person in HCI J 4 or on Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/68765823059

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Sodium ion batteries: Opportunities and challenges

Eldho Edison (Multifunctional Materials — D-MATL)

Among the existing energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have unmatched energy density and versatility. From the time of their first commercialization in 1991, the growth in LIBs has been driven by portable devices. In recent years, however, large-scale electric vehicle and stationary applications have emerged. These large-scale applications have put unprecedented pressure on the LIB value chain, resulting in the need for alternative energy storage chemistries.

The Sodium-ion battery (SIB) chemistry is one of the most promising “beyond-lithium” energy storage technologies. In this talk, the technological evolutions of both LIBs and SIBs, the key differences/similarities between the two battery chemistries and the prospects and challenges for the commercialization of SIBs will be presented. The research progress and the challenges of high-capacity alloying anodes for Sodium-ion batteries will be discussed.

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Magnetic vortices: into the third dimension

Sebastian Gliga (Laboratory for Condensed Matter — PSI)

Vortices are familiar phenomena in fluids and gases, apparent for example in tornadoes, hurricanes, and whirlpools. Vortices also exist in ferromagnets, where they are characterized by a circulating in-plane magnetization structure. The resulting pattern leads to a very stable state whose study is motivated by both fundamental and technological interest.
Over the past decades, vortices have been extensively studied in thin-film structures, where the magnetization is accessible with two-dimensional imaging methods. Recently, the development of X-ray based magnetic nanotomography with a spatial resolution of 100 nm has enabled the non-destructive imaging of bulk magnetic structures. We have uncovered three-dimensional structures forming vortex loops corresponding to magnetic vorticity rings that are formally analogous to hydrodynamic vortex rings in fluids. Remarkably, we have also observed structures that have no counterparts in incompressible fluids: stable vortex loops intersected by magnetic singularities.

While vortices have been studied in bulk magnets since at least the 1970s, our results shed new light onto their rich physics and open possibilities for further studies of complex three-dimensional solitons, enabling the development of applications based on three-dimensional magnetic structures.

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Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/69333396880

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Tuning polymer dispersity by photoinduced ATRP: monomodal distributions with ppm copper concentration

Richard Whitfield (Polymeric Materials – D-MATL)

Unlike natural biopolymers, such as DNA and proteins, synthetic polymers have a distribution of different molecular weight species. This distribution is measured by a dispersity value and has a significant influence on polymer properties. It is therefore highly beneficial to develop strategies to systematically tune the dispersity, however, current methods are limited to bimodal molecular weight distributions, adulterated polymer chains, or low end‐group fidelity and rely on feeding reagents, flow‐based, or multicomponent systems. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a simple batch system whereby photo-induced atom transfer radical polymerisation is exploited as a convenient and versatile technique to control the dispersity of both homopolymers and block copolymers. By varying the concentration of the copper complex, a wide range of monomodal molecular weight distributions can be obtained. In all cases, high end‐group fidelity was confirmed by MALDI‐ToF‐MS and exemplified by efficient block copolymer formation. Importantly, our approach utilises ppm levels of copper (as low as 4 ppm), can be tolerant to oxygen and exhibits perfect temporal control, representing a major step forward in tuning polymer dispersity for various applications.

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Can 2-D Materials Save Moore’s Law?

Mathieu Luisier (Integrated Systems Laboratory – D-ITET)

Since the first experimental demonstration of a monolayer MoS 2 transistor in 2011, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received a wide attention from the scientific community as potential replacement for Silicon FinFETs at the end of the semiconductor roadmap. As graphene, TMDs exhibit excellent electrostatic properties due to their 2-D nature, but contrary to it, they are characterized by large band gaps, while keeping decent mobilities. However, so far, no transistor based on a TMD channel could outperform the Si technology. While this limitation can be partly attributed to technical issues, the TMD bandstructure also explains this behavior: electrons/holes are not fast enough to allow for large ON-state currents. Through density functional theory (DFT), the existence of more than 1,800 2-D materials was recently predicted. Among them there might be components with better transport properties than TMDs. We therefore selected 100 monolayers out of this database, combined DFT and quantum transport to simulate their “current vs. voltage” characteristics, and identified 13 candidates with both n- and p-type ON-state currents larger than what Si FinFETs are expected to deliver in the future. In this talk, I will present the results of this study.

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back to Materials Colloquium 2021

Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/63151988666

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From binary lipid-water phase diagrams to lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA
COVID-19 vaccines

Peter Walde (Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials – D-MATL)

The aim of the talk is to emphasize that basic research on the aggregation behavior of amphiphilic lipids in aqueous solution and on the controlled formation of lipid vesicles (liposomes) for drug delivery applications was essential for the successful development of lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.

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Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/64504425191

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Fuel cells, batteries, electrolyzers, etc.: some insights from a materials science point of view

Lorenz Gubler (Electrochemistry Laboratory – PSI)

Electrochemical storage & conversion technologies are expected to play a pivotal role in the energy transition and defossilization of our economy. In addition to batteries used for grid-scale energy storage and electromobility, electrochemical conversion devices using or producing hydrogen, i.e. fuel cells and electrolyzers, can contribute to reducing the carbon footprint of the transport sector and chemical industry. In this seminar, we will be looking at the state-of-the-art of these devices, and highlight selected challenges regarding the choice of cell materials and components. Examples from the research on these topics will be shown to illustrate current limitations of the technology and future prospects.

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Do soft solids have strain-dependent surface tension?

Nicolas Bain (Soft and Living Materials – D-MATL)

Despite its importance in any adhesion and wetting phenomena, there is a fundamental property that is not yet understood in soft solids: surface elasticity. Also called the Shuttleworth effect, surface elasticity can be boiled down to one question. Does stretching the surface of a soft solid change its surface tension? In 2017, Xu et. al designed an experiment in which the opening angle of a wetting ridge was a proxy to evidence a dramatic increase of surface tension with stretch. In 2019, however, Masurel et al. claimed that the coupling between nonlinear mechanics and the singular nature of the wetting ridge suffice to explain the behavior of the opening angle observed by Xu et al, without invoking the Shuttleworth effect. The question, therefore, remains open. This presentation will focus on an experimental setup with no geometric singularity, that leaves no doubt on the existence or absence of surface elasticity in soft solids, hopefully closing this long-lasting controversy.

Q. Xu, K. E. Jensen, R. Boltyanskiy, R. Sarfati, R. W. Style, and E. R. Dufresne, Nature communications 8, 1 (2017).
R. Masurel, M. Roché, L. Limat, I. Ionescu, and J. Dervaux, Physical review letters 122, 248004 (2019).

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back to Materials Colloquium 2021

Zoom: https://ethz.zoom.us/j/66776813667

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Interface stability in all-solid-state batteries

Corsin Battaglia (Materials for Energy Conversion – EMPA Dübendorf)

All-solid-state batteries combining an alkali metal anode and a high-voltage cathode have the potential to double the energy density of current-generation rechargeable batteries. However, interface stability remains a major challenge. On the anode side, alkali metal dendrites penetrating into the solid electrolyte limit the maximum plating current density and prevent fast charging, while on the cathode side the limited oxidative stability of solid electrolytes is a major challenge, especially when the battery is charged beyond 4V.
We recently discovered that the critical current density for dendrite formation in the archetypical ceramic solid electrolyte Na-β”-alumina can reach 10 mA/cm2 at room temperature, which is ten times higher than that measured on a garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte [1]. Further, we demonstrated that above the melting temperature of sodium, a cumulative capacity of >10 Ah of sodium can be plated and stripped at an unprecedented current density of 1000 mA/cm2 without dendrite formation [2] indicating that the alkali metal and not the electrolyte prevent fast charging at room temperature.
We recently also demonstrated the integration of hydroborate electrolytes with a 4 V class cathode through in-situ formation of a passivating interface layer [3]. Combined with their high ionic conductivity >1 mS/cm at room temperature, low gravimetric density 1.2 g/cm3, low toxicity, high thermal and chemical stability, stability vs lithium and sodium metal, soft mechanical properties enabling cold pressing, compatibility with solution infiltration, and potential for low cost, hydroborate electrolytes represent a promising option for a competitive next-generation all-solid-state battery technology [4].
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[1] M.-C. Bay, M. Wang, R. Grissa, M. V. F. Heinz, J. Sakamoto, C. Battaglia, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 201902889
[2] D. Landmann, G. Graeber, M. V. F. Heinz, S. Haussener, C. Battaglia, Materials Today Energy 2020, 18,
[3] R. Asakura, D. Reber, L. Duchêne, A. Remhof, H. Hagemann, C. Battaglia, Energy Environ. Science 2020, 13, 5048
[4] L. Duchêne, A. Remhof, H. Hagemann, C. Battaglia, Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 25, 782

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Sculpting hydrogels using advective processing

Alexandra Bayles (Soft Materials – D-MATL)

Polymeric hydrogels, water-laden 3D crosslinked networks, find broad application as advanced biomaterials and functional materials due to their biocompatibility, stimuli responsiveness, and affordability. In these materials, the crosslinking density reports material properties such as elasticity, strength, permeability, and swelling propensity. Patterning this critical design parameter across the volume polymerized is an attractive means by which to engineer hydrogel performance. In this talk, we present a novel processing scheme that uses laminar flow to direct the organization of hydrogel crosslinking density across a single sample. Inspired by techniques used to structure polymeric melts, we design custom millifluidic devices that force disparate streams through serpentine splitting, rotation, and recombination elements. These elements multiply the advecting macromer concentration distribution within the cross-sectional area while preserving its relative spacing and orientation. Incorporating advective assembly devices into conventional 3D printing nozzles enables the fabrication of hierarchical, shape-morphing hydrogels. This work exemplifies advective processing’s potential to encode soft material microstructure and subsequently functionality through geometrically dictated, generalizable flows.

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